I. The first version.
The Zero Conditional (Type 0)
The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths, or scientific facts -- things which always happen under certain conditions.
A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if"). For example:
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma.
The simple present tense is the tense use in both clauses. Examples:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.
2. First Conditional (Type I)
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.Type 1: if + present + future.
Example:
If I have the money, I will buy this car.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
If I have the money, I will buy this car.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible. It is used when the results are habitual or automatic. Example: If a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise.
3. Second Conditional (Type II)
The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.Type 2: if + past + conditional
Example:
If I had the money, I would buy this car. (Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car). The action in type 2 is characterized by unreality.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.
Paula would be sad if Jan left.
If I had the money, I would buy this car. (Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car). The action in type 2 is characterized by unreality.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.
Paula would be sad if Jan left.
4. Third Conditional (Type III)
The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. Type 3: if + past perfect + perfect conditional
Full form : If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam.
Contracted form :If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam.
Contracted form :If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam.
Example:
If I had had the money, I would have bought this Audi. (But I did not have it, and so did not buy).
If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough.)
If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.(We didn't play well, so we lost the game.)
The action in type 3 is characterized by impossibility.
If I had had the money, I would have bought this Audi. (But I did not have it, and so did not buy).
If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough.)
If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.(We didn't play well, so we lost the game.)
The action in type 3 is characterized by impossibility.
While type 1 and type 2 focus on the present or future, the time in type 3 is the past and signifies a completed action in the past. The condition, therefore, cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause did not happen.
Summary
| IF-CLAUSE | RESULT CLAUSE | Explanation |
| simple present verb | simple present verb | if-clause uses simple present result clause uses simple present |
| If it rains, If it gets cold enough, If I don't do my homework, | my car window leaks. water becomes ice. I learn nothing. | <-expresses an established or predictable fact, or it expresses a general truth |
| If Marie doesn't eat dinner, If I exercise, | she gets hungry at midnight. I look great! | <-expresses a habitual situation or a habitual activity. |
| If someone calls, | take a message please. | <-gives a command |
| simple present verb | modal + simple present verb | if-clause uses simple present result clause uses modal + verb |
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sering kita berandai-andai. Misalnya, seandainya (jika) kamu mau jadi pacar saya, saya akan buat kamu orang paling bahagia di dunia. Seandainya saya kaya, saya akan bangun hotel bintang 5 di pantai Kuta. Seandainya saya punya sayap, saya akan terbang petikkan bintang untukmu. Dan seterusnya. Kalimat-kalimat seperti ini disebut kalimat pengandaian atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut conditional sentences.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Conditional sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional danunreal/contrary to fact. Tulisan ini khusus membahas real conditionals, sedangkan untuk unreal conditional dapat dibaca di topik Conditional sentences (Part 2).
Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yangbiasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
· If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,
· If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).
Penggunaan real conditionals
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Future time
| If + S + present tense, S + | will | + Verb1 |
| can | ||
| may | ||
| must |
Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
1. If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
2. If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
3. I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
4. You must bring an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).
b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)
| If + S + verb1, S + verb1 |
Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.
Contoh:
1. If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
2. I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
3. If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).
c. Command (perintah)
| If + S + verb1, S + verb1 |
Contoh:
1. If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
2. Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
3. If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).
Sebelum kita mengerjakan Contoh Soal Conditional Sentences, mari kita bandingkan real conditional ini dengan ka
Berbeda dengan real conditionals, makna dari kalimat conditional tipe ini selalu bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan (fakta). Artinya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat positif (affirmative), conditionalnya pasti dalam kalimat negatif; Sebaliknya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat negatif, conditionalnya harus dalam kalimat positif.
Ada dua tipe kalimat unreal conditionals, yaitu: jika faktanya dalam simple present tense dan jika faktanya dalam simple past tense. Unreal conditionals dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions “if” (seperti halnya dalam real conditionals), dengan menginversi (menempatkan kata bantu) ke depan subject kalimat, dengan menggunakan “as if” atau “as though“, dan verb “wish“. Penggunaan verb “wish” ini akan dibandingkan dengan penggunaan verb “hope“.
A. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple present tense
a. Jika faktanya dalam simple present tense atau future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti pola berikut:
| If + S + verb2, S + | would could might | + Verb1 | |
Contoh:
1. If the teacher didn’t speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I can’t understand well what he is teaching about.
2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he can’t hug me, because, he is not here.
3. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya mungkin terbang tinggi). Faktanya: I don’t have a pair of wings, I cannot fly high.
Perhatikan:
1. Selalu gunakan be “were”; Be “Was” tidak pernah digunakan dalam unreal conditional (lihat contoh 2).
2. Jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat positif (affirmative), faktanya harus dalam kalimat negatif. Sebaliknya, jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat negatif, maka faktanya harus dalam kalimat positif.
B. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple past tense
Jika faktanya dalam simple past tense atau past future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti formula berikut:
| If + S + had +verb3, S + | would could might | + have +Verb3 | |
Contoh:
1. If Robby had not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan (jika Robby tidak pergi nonton film (di bioskop) tadi malam, dia tidak akan berjumpa dengan Susan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: Robby went to a movie last night, then, he met Susan.
2. If the German football team had played well, it could have beaten Spanish team (jika team sepak bola Jerman bermain bagus, team itu dapat mengalahkan team Spanyol). Faktanya: German foot ball team didn’t play well, it couldn’t beat the Spanish team.
3. You could have answered the questions well If you had studied well last night (kamu dapat menjawab soal-soal dengan baik, jika kamu belajar dengan baik tadi malam). Faktanya adalah: you couldn’t answer the questions well, because, you didn’t study well last night.
Perhatikan: Unreal condition yang kedua ini juga dapat diekspresikan dengan menempatkan auxiliary had di awal kalimat. Arti kalimat tidak berubah. Dalam hal ini, kata iftidak digunakan. Jika formula berikut yang digunakan, main clause selalu ditempatkan di belakang (setelah sub-clause).
| Had + S + verb3, S + | would could might | + have +Verb3 | |
Contoh:
1. Had Robby not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan.
2. Had the German football team played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team.
3. Had you studied well last night, you could have answered the questions well.
Penggunaan As if/As though dalam unreal conditionals
Conjunction as if atau as though (artinya: seolah-olah) juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan. Untuk tujuan ini, verb yang mengikuti conjunction ini harus dalam bentuk past tense (verb2) atau past perfect tense (had + verb3).
| S + verb1 + as if/as though + S + verb2 |
Contoh:
1. Norman behaves as if he were a president. (Norman berperilaku seolah-olah dia seorang presiden). Faktanya, he is not a president.
2. You look as though you saw a ghost (you tampak seolah-olah kamu melihat setan). Faktanya, you don’t see a ghost.
3. The plant grows fast as if it were 5 years old (tanaman itu tumbuh cepat seolah-olah tanaman itu berumur 5 tahun). Faktanya, the plant is 1 years old.
| S + verb2 + (as if/as though) + S + had + verb3 |
Contoh:
1. Ali talked about the contest as if he had won the grand prize. (Ali bercerita tentang kontes itu seolah-olah dia telah memenangkan hadiah utama). Faktanya, he didn’t win the grand prize.
2. He spoke as though he had not stolen the money. (Dia berkata seolah-olah dia tidak mencuri uang itu). Faktanya, he stole the money.
3. She cried as though she had not been happy at all. (Dia menangis seolah-olah dia tidak bahagia sama sekali) Faktanya, she was happy at all (itu tangis kebahagiaan kali!).
Penggunaan Wish/ hope dalam conditional sentences
Verb wish dan hope sama-sama berarti berharap, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat sangat berbeda. Hope digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau akan mungkin terjadi. Sebaliknya, wish digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pastitidak terjadi atau tidak akan mungkin terjadi. Hope dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam sembarang tensis; wish tidak dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam simple present tense atau modal auxiliary simple present tense.
Perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan wish dan hope pada contoh-contoh di bawah ini:
1. We hope that they can come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Dalam kalimat ini subject we tidak tahu apakah they bisa datang atau tidak. Tetapi, ada kemungkinan bahwa they bisa datang.
2. We wish that they could come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Di sini, wesudah tahu bahwa they tidak bisa datang. Faktanya adalah: they can’t come.
3. I hope that they came yesterday. (saya berharap kamu datang kemarin). Di sini, I tidak tahu apakah they datang atau tidak kemarin.
4. I wish that they had come yesterday. (saya berharap bahwa mereka datang kemarin). Di sini, I sudah tahu bahwa they didn’t come yesterday. Faktanya adalah: they didn’t come yesterday.
Jadi, clause yang mengikuti wish clause pada prinsipnya adalah unreal conditional.
Penggunaan wish dalam unreal conditionals ada 3, yaitu: future wish, present wish, dan past wish.
a. Future wish
| S + wish + (that) + S + | could + verb1 would +verb1 were + verb-ing | |
Note: Penggunaan relative pronoun “that” adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak):
Contoh:
1. I wish my friend would visit me this afternoon. (Saya berharap teman saya akan mengunjungi saya sore ini). Faktanya: my friend will not come this afternoon.
2. They wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Mereka berharap bahwa kamu bisa datang sebentar malam). Faktanya: you can’t come.
3. Bobby wishes he were coming with Angelia. (Bobby berharap dia datang dengan Angelia). Faktanya: Bobby is not coming with Angelia.
b. Present wish
| S + wish + (that) + S + verb2 |
Contoh:
1. I wish I were rich. (Saya berharap saya kaya). Faktanya adalah: I am not rich.
2. I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (Saya berharap saya punya cukup waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya). Faktanya: I don’t have enough time to finish my work.
3. John wishes that Ririn were old enough to be his girl friend. (John berharap bahwa Ririn cukup umur untuk menjadi pacarnya). Faktanya: Ririn is not old enough to be John’s girl friend.
4. I wish I didn’t have to come to class today. (Saya berharap saya tidak harus pergi kuliah hari ini). Faktanya: I have to go to class today.
5. I wish my TOEFL score were over 650 now. (Saya berharap nilai TOEFL saya sekarang lebih dari 650). Faktanya: my TOEFL score is not over 650 now.
c. Past wish
| S + wish + (that) + S + | had + verb3 could + had + verb3 | |
Contoh:
1. I wish I had washed my clothes yesterday. (Saya berharap saya telah cuci pakaian-pakaian saya kemarin). Faktanya: I didn’t wash my clothes yesterday.
2. Irwan wishes that he had answered the questions well. (Irwan berharap bahwa dia telah menjawab soal-soal dengan baik). Faktanya: Irwan didn’t answer the questions well.
3. Christian Ronaldo wishes that his team could have beaten the German team. (Christian Ronaldo berharap bahwa teamnya dapat mengalahkan team Jerman). Faktanya: Christian Ronaldo’s team couldn’t beat the German team.
4. I wish you had been here last night. (Saya berharap kamu ada di sini tadi malam). Faktanya: you were not here last night.
Now it’s time to check your understanding in conditional sentences. To do so, please click the following link: Practice test 7: Conditional Sentences!
